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In the late 1950s, Safar conducted landmark experiments proving that mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing provided superior oxygenation compared to old chest-lift methods. Collaborating with James Elam, he combined airway maneuvers (head tilt/chin lift) and rescue breathing with closed-chest cardiac massage. He formalized this into the universally recognized Airway, Breathing, and Circulation (ABC) system.

Safar established the first multidisciplinary intensive care unit in the United States in 1958 at Baltimore City Hospital. He recognized that critically ill patients required continuous centralized observation and specialized nursing care after surgery or trauma.

Hartmann is recognized as creating the fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy for infants universally known as Lactated Ringer’s solution or Hartmann’s solution. He received his bachelor’s, master’s and medical degrees from Washington University, and throughout his career, he was affiliated with St. Louis Children’s Hospital.

Sidney Ringer (1880s): A British physiologist who created a more complex balanced solution (Ringer’s solution) containing sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, the simpler two-ingredient mixture (water and salt) proposed via Hamburger’s work became the standard “normal saline” of the 20th century.

Normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) traces its conceptual origin to Dutch physiologist Dr. Hartog Jakob Hamburger, who determined in an 1883 study that 0.9% was the salt concentration isotonic to red blood cells.

Hamburger’s Solution (Normal Saline): In 1896, through his in vitro studies of red blood cell lysis (osmotic fragility), he formulated a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. This eventually became the baseline for modern “normal saline” solutions used universally in medical fluid resuscitation.

Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish physician and microbiologist. He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain “for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases”. This was the first antibiotic substance discovered.

1929: Dr. Werner Forssmann inserted a ureteral catheter into his own arm vein and threaded it into his right heart, proving human central access was possible. He later won the 1956 Nobel Prize.

Sir William Macewen was a Scottish surgeon. He was a pioneer in modern brain surgery, considered the father of neurosurgery and contributed to the development of bone graft surgery, the surgical treatment of hernia and of pneumonectomy.

1878: Scottish surgeon William Macewen performed the first recorded oral endotracheal intubation in a human to administer anesthesia and prevent blood aspiration.

https://www.dicardiology.com/article/memoriam-alain-cribier-md-facc-tavr-pioneer